Eng's Notebook

The technology S-curve is a helpful way to understand how new technologies grow, succeed, and eventually slow down. It shows the typical journey of any innovation from early struggles to big success, then slowing down, and finally being replaced by something new. This idea is useful for business leaders, inventors, and anyone interested in how technology changes over time. The technology S curve has 4 main stages.  S curve phases 1. Ferment Stage – “Is this really  going to work?” At the beginning, the new technology is just an idea. It might not work well yet, and there’s a lot of confusion. Different people try different ways to make it better. No one knows for sure which version will win. Progress is slow and risky. High uncertainty and risk Intense R&D activity Few early adopters Fierce competition to establish a dominant design  2. Takeoff Stage  – “Now it’s working!” Once a good version is found, the technology starts to grow fast. More people begin t...

Molecular dynamics (MD) simulation is one of the most essential in materials science, as it allows researchers to analyze atomic-scale interactions with high precision. The most widely used MD simulation package is LAMMPS (Large-scale Atomic/Molecular Massively Parallel Simulator). This article provides an in-depth explanation of the structure of a typical LAMMPS input script. It usually has four parts. Initialization System definition Simulation settings Run the simulation 1. Initialization The initialization section sets the basic properties of the simulation. Some of the relevant commands are units, atom_style, and boundary.  units style The style can be real, lj, metal, si, cgs, nano, electron, or micro. Ex: units real This command sets the unit style for the simulation. It determines how input and output values ​​are represented. It affects quantities like mass, distance, energy, and time. atom_style style  Style can be atomic, bond, charge, full, or molecular. Ex: atom_s...

Hello guys, As you know, graphene oxide is an advanced material that can be used in the water purification industry. What is meant by water scarcity and contamination? According to UNISEF , even in countries with sufficient water resources, water scarcity remains a challenge. This issue often arises from factors such as inadequate infrastructure, contamination, conflict, and climate change, as well as human factors and poor management.  In this previous series of articles, we have discussed the basics of graphene oxide (GO) and what makes graphene oxide a key material in modern research. Graphene oxide is used as a filter membrane (with a suitable substrate) for water purification, especially in waste water threats. So, in this article, we will discuss the purification mechanism of graphene oxide-based membranes in waste water purification.  Figure 01: Industrial Wastewater First of all, what is waste water, and why is waste water purification important? Waste water is water t...

This is the second part of the article "Graphene Oxide: The Future of Research.". In this article, let's explore the applications, future directions, and limitations of graphene oxide. Applications of Graphene Oxide  Graphene oxide has a wide range of applications due to its properties, including high surface area, hydrophilicity, and tunable electrical and thermal conductivity. Below are some key applications. 1. Water purification GO membranes can remove heavy metals, organic contaminants, and bacteria from waste water and soften hard water. This is due to functional groups of GO and high surface area. When the amount of functional groups increases, the negative charge of the surface also increases, allowing it to absorb positive ions. This is the mechanism for removing positive ions using GO membranes. And GO has excellent water permeability, rejection rate, and antifouling properties, making it suitable for long-term filtration applications. 2. Energy Storage GO is wi...

  Hello and welcome to the fourth article in Eng's Notebook! In this article, let's explore the MD (Molecular Dynamics) simulation, focusing on how LAMMPS (Large-scale Atomic/Molecular Massively Parallel Simulator) can be a powerful tool for enhancing your simulations. As an extra point, let's discuss how we can use Linux-based HPC (high-performance computing) for running simulations efficiently, according to my personal experience. 💡 So, what is molecular dynamics? Molecular dynamics (MD) is a computational simulation technique used to study the behavior of atoms and molecules. It allows for the observation of their interactions and movements over a specified period, providing insights into the dynamic evolution of a system.  In most of the industries, the trial-and-error method is used to solve the problem. It can be an extremely time and resource consuming method. When we use a trial and error method, we can't understand what is happening inside the materials and ca...

🔥 ... Graphene oxide is one of the most exciting material in the field of nanotechnology. It is a derivative of graphene that consists of a single layer of carbon atoms with oxygen-containing functional groups such as hydroxyl, epoxy, and carboxyl groups. These functional groups make GO highly hydrophilic and dispersible in water. Due to its tunable surface properties, it can be applied in various fields, including water purification, energy storage, biomedicine, and flexible electronics. In this article, we’ll explore how graphene oxide is synthesized and its properties. Figure 01 : The structure of GO with functional groups How Is Graphene Oxide Synthesized? Graphene oxide is synthesized by oxidizing graphite and then exfoliating it into thin layers. The most widely used method for synthesizing graphene oxide is the Hummers method. This method is suitable for large-scale production because it produces a high yield of graphene oxide. In this method, first graphite pow...